Post-glacial warming up allowed the cultivation of plants and animal husbandary in the flat territories of the Carpathian Basin, as well. Nyíri Mezőség, which lies between Hortobágy, Nyírség and the eastern bank of the river Tisza, is one of the few regions that provide a wide range of excavated settlements and cemeteries from 5,000 B.C. up to the Middle Ages representing the development of the consecutive civilizations.

In this exhibition visitors can get acquainted with the relics of medical treatments through hundreds of years. The trephining knife on display, which dates back to the 10th century and was dug up in a grave in Rétközberencs, may have belonged to the Hungarian conquerors. Surgical trephinations of the skull, first of all, aimed at cleaning the wounds inflicted during the fights. The proportion of the survival of those who were trepaned was surprisingly high (50%) owing to the fact that the persons injured didn't suffer from any other special illnesses.